Atrazine adds another mode of action to your herbicide mix. Decision documents for atrazine combined pdf document consists of the following. Many agricultural herbicide prepack products containing atrazine are listed below. The chemical structure of atrazine is given in figure 3 while table i shows the important physical and chemical properties of atrazine.
Changes in sperm characteristics and induction of oxidative stress in the testis and epididymis of experimental rats by a herbicide, atrazine. On the weight of evidence, atrazine is not a human carcinogen. Pdf mode of action of pesticides and the novel trends a. How the epa is ignoring atrazine contamination in surface.
The mode of action of pesticides is extremely fascinating because the subject covers so many fields of biology and chemistry and has many practical implications. Normally, the hotter it is the faster the burn down will be. Infiltration and adsorption of dissolved atrazine and. Atrazine continues to contaminate surface water and drinking water in the united states iii n of the 153 drinking water systems. Many weeds showing resistance to glyphosate are sensitive to atrazine, says mike owen, iowa state university extension weeds specialist.
It is used to safely control annual broadleaf and grass weeds in cornfields, sugarcane fields, and turfs. Users are advised not to apply atrazine to sand and loamy sand soils where the water table groundwater is close to the surface and where these soils are very permeable, i. To be effective, herbicides must 1 adequately contact plants. Silver, lin xu, mingyan li, xiaoqin mai, yankai xia, jie shao, betsy lozoff, john meeker. Water research center atrazine in drinking water and. A powerful broadspectrum herbicide, atrazine 90df is used for broadleaf weed control and control of some grasses. With proper use and application, it can be an effective control for annual and broadleaf weeds and many perennial grass weeds. It found that 40 out of 40 watersheds in the midwestern and southern united states contained atrazine, with. Hiyield atrazine weed killer should be used when air temperatures are between 6590 degrees. It also controls emerged weeds and weeds from the seed. Atrazine is a widely used chlorotriazine herbicide active against broadleaf and grassy weeds. Monitoring data are also available for simazine from late 2005 to present.
Atrazine can be applied by spraying onto the effected area either via a ground. Farmers use atrazine to control weeds on well over half of the countrys corn acreage, about twothirds of sorghum acreage and 90 percent of its sugar cane. Atrazine is a triazine herbicide currently registered for the control of grass and broadleaf weeds in crops such as sorghum, maize, sugarcane, lupins, pine and eucalypt plantations, and triazine tolerant tt canola. Users are advised not to apply atrazine to sand and loamy sand soils where the water table ground water is close to the surface and where these soils are very permeable, i. Prenatal exposure to multiple pesticides is associated with auditory brainstem response at 9 months in a cohort study of chinese infants julie sturza, monica k. To quantitatively evaluate placentallactational transfer and fetalneonatal tissue dosimetry of atr and its major metabolites, physiologically based pharmacokinetic models were developed for rat dams, fetuses and neonates. Although, do not apply hiyield atrazine weed killer when the temperature exceeds 90 degrees. Best results are obtained by application in early spring. Epa has concluded that oatrazine is not likely to cause cancer in humans. The syngenta corporation invented the herbicide atrazine and is its primary manufacturer. Atrazine was first registered for use in 1959 and epa recently recommended its reregistration after a.
The presence of atrazine in surface water runoff is of greatest concern. Do not add hormonetype weed killers such as 2,4d, 24db, mcpa, mcpb and dicamba, or other herbicides, to combinations of oilwater emulsions and atrazine 480. Atrazines primary manufacturer is syngenta and it is one of the most widely used herbicides in us and australian agriculture as of 2001, atrazine was the most commonly. Atrazine 90df herbicide for crop protection adama usa. Department of health and human services, public health service. Atrazine kills many broadleaf weeds and can also used in centipede grass and provides suppression of crabgrass.
Using atrazine application rates corn and sorghum and. The january 2003 atrazine interim reregistration eligibility decision ired 323 pp, 1. Atrazine is a known endocrine disruptor that is linked to reproductive harm and cancers. Hiyield atrazine weed killer help questions and answers. Atrazine is a selective herbicide applied to fields at the beginning of the growing season to kill weeds. Growth regulator herbicides consist of the synthetic auxin and auxin transport inhibitor compounds, which are used primarily for controlling broadleaf weeds in grass crops and pastures and include some of the more effective chemicals for perennial broadleaf weed and brush control. Atrazine can be washed off the site of application to other sites where nontolerant vegetation grows.
All atsdr toxicological profile pdf files are electronic conversions from paper copy or other electronic ascii text files. Atrazine monitoring program data and results ingredients. Fao specifications for plant protection products, plant production and protection paper no. Pdf the herbicide atrazine is being used for weed control in crops and also in nonagricultural areas. Seattle leftists deny atrazine is harming the environment while being totally obsessed with fictional nazi takeover threat 09022017 by ethan huff ben shapiro is a political genius but a science moron.
Atrazine s primary manufacturer is syngenta and it is one of the most widely used herbicides in us and australian agriculture as of 2001, atrazine was the most commonly detected pesticide. Background information for atrazine and deethylatrazine atrazine is a triazine herbicide an herbicide containing the striazine ring that inhibits photosynthesis in plants. Environmental protection agency great lakes national program office g17j 77 west jackson boulevard chicago, il 60604 epa 905r01010. Basis for synergism of atrazine and alachlor combinations on japanese millet. Atrazine 4l is a restricted use postemergent and preemergent herbicide formulated by drexel chemical company. Syngenta began holding weekly atrazine meetings after the first classaction suit was filed, in 2004. Atrazine may protect crops and lawns from certain types of weeds, but it is a real problem for other species. It is of particular concern to water supplies due to its popularity, relatively long half life 60 to 100 days and because it is not strongly absorbed by soil koc 100. Maximum rates for syngenta products containing atrazine appear in the table on the front of this guide. It is used to prevent preemergence broadleaf weeds in crops such as maize corn and sugarcane and on turf, such as golf courses and residential lawns. Hiyield atrazine weed killer controls both emerged weeds and weeds from seed in st.
Fact sheet health e ects of atrazine pesticide action network. The halflife of atrazine in soil ranges from to 261 days. Warren porter, a renowned toxicologist at the university of wisconsin madison uwmadison who studies pesticide exposure in vertebrates, explained to cmd, atrazine is a molecular bull in a china shop, and the china shop is you. The active ingredient, atrazine will kill weeds as seeds or kill emerged weeds through the root system. Atrazine metabolism, selectivity, and mode of action. Eliminates dollarweed, sandspur, annual bluegrass, spurge and other listed weeds. Atrazine is widely used in corn production due to its efficacy, application flexibility, low cost, and crop safety. Many weeds showing resistance to glyphosate are sensitive to atrazine, says mike. Syngenta began holding weekly atrazine meetings after the first class action suit was filed, in 2004. Substance name atrazine casrn 1912249 last revised 10011993 the oral reference dose rfd is based on the assumption that thresholds exist for certain toxic effects such as cellular necrosis.
Atrazine is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, based on tissue distribution in case reports of. Atrazine will generally stay in the upper 1 to 6 inches of the soil profile on most agricultural soils. This manual contained detailed definitions and other essential background information on basic procedures and technical principles adopted by the group on pesticide specifications of the fao panel of experts on pesticide specifications. Atrazine continues to contaminate surface water and drinking water in the united states iii n of the 153 drinking water systems monitored,100 systems had peak maximum. Atrazine atr is a widely used chlorotriazine herbicide, a ubiquitous environmental contaminant, and a potential developmental toxicant. Atrazine degrades in soil primarily by the action of microbes. The apvma, us epa9 and the international agency for research on cancer iarc, 1999 have all concluded that the mechanism acting in the animal studies that originally raised concern over a link to cancer were not relevant to humans. After the initial exposure of the effector junction and the organophosphate, the enzymephosphoryl bond is strengthened by loss of one alkyl group from the phos phoryl adduct. Atrazine uses there is a reason that atrazine is one of the leading herbicides.
Related chlorotriazine herbicides include simazine, propazine, and cyanazine, all which act by inhibiting plant photosynthesis. The tolerance of certain higher plant species to atrazine is probably a result of their ability to rapidly degrade the herbicide to nontoxic metabolites. Proper personal protective equipment, such as long sleeved shirts and pants, socks and. Effects of atrazine phytobland oil combinations on 14 co 2 fixation and transpiration. Background information for atrazine and deethylatrazine atrazine is a triazine herbicide an herbicide containing the striazine ring that inhibits photosynthesis in. The runon simulation rate was based on the runoff amount expected from a 51mm rainfall intercepted by a 30 the vfs ability to retain atrazine and atrazine metabolites. Sep 26, 2019 agency for toxic substances and disease registry atsdr.
Hydrolysis of the ccl bond is followed by the ethyl and isopropyl groups, catalyzed by the hydrolase enzymes called atza, atzb, and atzc. The legal limit for atrazine in drinking water is 3 ppb. Atrazine is a frequently used herbicide used on corn, soybeans, sorghum, sugar cane, pineapple, pine trees, other crops and as a nonspecific herbicide on industrial sites. Atrazine kills the weed by inhibiting photosynthesis. The atrazine monitoring program data are available for 2003 to present. The risk of damage to other vegetation from spray drift is increased with the use of atrazine 480 in an oilwater emulsion. Atrazine is applied pre and postemergence to agricultural land for crops such as corn and sorghum. Atrazine can travel seep or leach through soil and can enter groundwater which may be used as drinking water. Atrazine is a controlleduse herbicide that is a watersoluble white powder that is odorless. Deethylatrazine is a metabolite and environmental degradation product of atrazine.
Atrazine atrazine 2chloro4ethylamino6isopropylamino1, 3, 5traiazine is among the most widely used herbicides in usa, europe and rest of the world. The corporation is certainly one of atrazines most ardent defenders and promoters. The chemical is a potent endocrine disruptor that causes immunosuppression, hermaphroditism and even complete sex reversal in male frogs at concentrations as low as 2. Image atrazine selective herbicide eliminates and prevents tough weeds in st. Atrazine definition is a photosynthesisinhibiting persistent herbicide c8h14cln5 used especially to kill annual weeds and quack grass. Other pertinent literature is also presented, but is described in less detail. The meetings were attended by toxicologists, the companys counsel, communications. The application method used, whether preplant incorporated, preemergence, or postemergence, determines whether the herbicide will contact.
Its efficacy ratings for some common weed species are listed in table 34. Hiyield atrazine weed killer controls henbit, dollarweed, chickweed, clover, sandspur and others listed on label. The national resources defense council nrdc published a report pdf on atrazine in 2009, in which it analyzed data compiled by the epas ecological watershed monitoring program and atrazine monitoring program from 2003 through 2006. Doesnt even know atrazine interferes with gender expression hormones. Time of aging varies by agent and can occur within minutes to days. How the epa is ignoring atrazine contamination in surface and. Atrazine can travel seep or leach through soil and can enter ground water which may be used as drinking water. The mechanism of action for atrazine appears to be due to a herbicideproduced deficiency in the growth regulator photosynthtate, caused by inhibition of photosynthesis. Atrazine is mainly absorbed through the roots of weeds and then transported to the actively growing tips and leaves. Other pertinent literature is also presented, but is described in less detail than the key studies. Atrazine biodegradation can occur by two known pathways.